广州 挖掘机EMC测试 - 汽车电子EMC测试 - ESA测试项目

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挖掘机EMC测试

ESA - Electro Magnetic Compatibility  - 汽车电子电磁兼容

	Test Description	Section	A
Regulatory	Immunity - High Frequency: 200 MHz – 2.7 GHz	3.1	√
	Immunity - Medium Frequency: 1 MHz – 200 MHz	3.2	√
	Immunity - Conducted Transients	3.6	√
	Emissions - Near Field Radiated: 30 MHz - 1 GHz	4.1	√
	Emissions - Far Field Radiated: 30 MHz - 1 GHz	4.2	√
	Electrostatic Discharge - Operational	5.1	√
Quality	Immunity - Low Frequency: 10 kHz - 1 MHz	3.3	√
	Immunity - Audio Frequency: 50 Hz - 25 kHz (Note 2)	3.4	√
	Immunity - Magnetic Field: 50 Hz - 150 kHz	3.5
	Emissions - Conducted: 150 kHz - 108 MHz	4.3	√
	Electrostatic Discharge - Packaging and Handling	5.2	√

ESA that run for less than 15 secondsin end applications are exempt from emissions tests. ESA that cannot operatecontinuously due to design capabilities, will require deviations to the EC testprocedure for immunity, electrostatic discharge, and power line transients,while trying to meet minimum requirements of the international standard.Changes may include, but are not limited to, reduction in number of frequenciestested, dwell times, number of component orientations, or antenna polaritiesfor immunity tests. Changes to the ESD procedure may include, but are notlimited to, the number of ESD discharges, number of ESA orientations, or numberof ESD test points. Changes to the number of transients tested would likely bethe most practical procedure change for PLT. The test procedure deviations willbe documented thoroughly in the EMC test plan for that product with reasoningbehind each deviation.

All components shall be tested at atemperature of 23 ± 5 °C. The operating voltage shall be 13 ± 1 V for 12 Vcomponents and 26 ± 2 V for 24 V components. Where the test methods standarddoes not require otherwise, all components shall be operated in a configurationas close to that of the end application as possible. The DUT must includeproper loads for outputs, all inputs, sensing medium for sensors, loads onmotors, etc. These loads and excitations shall be shown in the test plan.Grounding shall be as in the intended application. Grounding shall be the samefor immunity and emissions testing. Any modifications required to pass shallalso be included in the final application. Occasionally issues with ancillaryequipment causes issues unrelated to the DUT. In these cases, the issue must beshown to be from the ancillary equipment not the DUT, it cannot be assumed.Components with different circuitry for 12V and 24V applications must be testedin both modes.

Conducted Emissions - 传导发射

Test shall be conducted in accordancewith CISPR 25 recording the greatest of 5 separate readings. The emissionsshall be measured from Batt (+) and Batt (-). The limits for the testing areshown in Figure 11 and are derived from CISPR 25 Class 3.

Table 8 - Shows conducted emissions limits from 150 kHz to 108 MHz

Start Frequency (MHz)	Start Frequency(MHz)	QP Limit (dBuV)	AVG Limit (dBuV)
0.15	0.3	77	70
0.53	1.8	57	50
5.9	6.2	52	45
26	28	43	36
30	54	43	36
68	108	37	30

Table 8: Showsconducted emissions limits from 150 kHz to 108 MHz

Far Field Radiated Emissions - 辐射发射（远场）
Far field radiated emissions shall be tested in accordance with ICES-003 Issue 7, CISPR 16-2-3 and CISPR 32 ed2.1:2019. The limits are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10. The component must be rotated 360 degrees continuously or in 15-degree increments. The antenna height will move from 1 m to 4 m in 1 m increments. This will be done for both antenna polarities recording the greatest of 5 separate readings. This shall be documented in the test plan and approved by Caterpillar EMC personnel.
  
If the highest frequency used or generated in a DUT is less than 1 GHz, then HFFF shall be tested up to 6 GHz. If the highest frequency used or generated in a DUT is over 1 GHz the device shall be tested to 6 GHz or 5 times the highest frequency used or generated, whichever is greater, up to a maximum of 40 GHz. The limits for the additional frequency measurements are shown in Figure 10. Above 1 GHz the DUT must comply with both the Avg and Peak limits. The limits above 6 GHz continue at the same amplitude as from 1 to 6 GHz, up to 40 GHz.

Figure 8 - Shows broadband and narrowband limits when tested at 120 kHz BW

Figure 8: Shows broadband and narrowband limits when tested at 120 kHz BW

Figure 9 - Shows radiated emissions limits from 30 MHz to 1 GHz

Figure 9 -  Shows radiated emissions limits from 30 MHz to 1 GHz   

Figure 10 - Shows radiated emissions limits from 1 GHz to 6 GHz

Figure 10 -  Shows radiated emissions limits from 1 GHz to 6 GHz

High Frequency Immunity - 电磁辐射抗扰度

This test will be conducted accordingto ISO 11452-2 with a test level shown in Table 6 with functional status A. Thecomponent will be tested in three orthogonal axes with the antenna inhorizontal and vertical polarity for each test at an antenna distance of 1m.

Test	Frequency	Methods	Standard	Levels
High Frequency	1 GHz - 2.7 GHz	Absorber-lined shielded enclosure	ISO 11452-2	50 V/m
	200 MHz – 1 GHz	Absorber-lined shielded enclosure	ISO 11452-2	60 V/m
Medium Frequency	1 MHz – 200 MHz	Absorber-lined shielded enclosure	ISO 11452-2	60 V/m
		Bulk Current Injection	ISO 11452-4	60 V/m
		Stripline	ISO 11452-5	60 V/m
Low Frequency	10 kHz – 1 MHz	Bulk Current Injection	ISO 11452-4	60 V/m
		Stripline	ISO 11452-5	60 V/m

Table 6: Showsthe permissible test methods for immunity tests

Conducted Transients - 传导瞬态干扰

These tests are for devices connecteddirectly to the battery, including through ECM drivers without clampingability. Tests to be conducted according to ISO 7637-2 and ISO 16750-2 withfunctional status shown in Table 7. Load dump may be conducted with a clampedvoltage as per ISO13766-1:2018 and ISO 16750-2:2012, but the device may thennot be used on machines with an unclamped alternator, or an alternator clampedat a higher voltage than tested.

	Functional  Status	Comment
Test pulse 1	C (Note 1)
Test pulse 2a	B (Note 1)
Test pulse 2b	C (Note 1)
Test pulse 3a	A
Test pulse 3b	A
Starting profile	A	ESA required during cranking (ECM,  etc.)
	C	ESA not required during cranking
Load dump (unclamped)	C (Note 1)
Load dump (clamped)	C (Note 1)	For use only on machines with  clamped alternators. The voltage chosen must not be less than the clamping  voltage of the alternator the ESA is to be used with.

Table 7: Showsthe functional status requirement during conducted transients

Note 1: Withoutuncommanded movement and without creating hazardous machine behavior

Test shall be conducted in accordancewith ISO 13766 with limits shown in Figure 8. The component shall be tested atan antenna distance of 1m and powered through LISNs. The component shall betested in all three orthogonal axes with each antenna polarity recording thegreatest of 5 separate readings. The limits displayed are for single sampletests. Multiple samples will increase the limit by 2 dB throughout thefrequency band.

Operational - ESA操作运行时候的ESD 静电

Operational ESD shall test bothdirect and indirect contact discharge in addition to air discharge inaccordance with ISO 10605. All outputs shall be monitored with functionalstatus A during 4 kV discharges but may deviate from their specification forhigher voltage ESD while meeting functional status C.

Discharge	Voltage (kV)	Capacitance	Resistance	Discharges
Air	± 15	330 pF 150 pF*	2 kΩ	10
	± 8
	± 4
Direct Contact	± 8	330 pF 150 pF*	2 kΩ	10
	± 6
	± 4
Indirect Contact	± 8	330 pF	2 kΩ	50
	± 6
	± 4

Table 9: Showsthe ESD variables for operational testing

*Devices whichcannot be easily touched from outside the machine do not have to be tested at150pF capacitance.

Packaging and Handling - ESA运输时候的ESD 静电

Packaging and handling test shall beconducted unpowered. The device must perform within its performancespecification after the test.

Discharge	Voltage (kV)	Capacitance	Resistance	Discharges
Air	± 15	150 pF	2 kΩ	3
	± 8
Contact	± 8	150 pF	2 kΩ	3
	± 6
	± 4

Table 10: Shows the ESD variables for packaging and handling testing

Medium Frequency Immunity - BCI 大电流注入

This test shall be conducted according to ISO11452-2, ISO 11452-4, or ISO 11452-5 with a test level shown in Table 6 andwith functional status A.

If BCI is used it shall be testedwith common mode and differential mode per SAE J1113-4.

Audio Frequency Immunity - 音频抗扰度

This test shall be conducted ISO16750-2 with a 1V alternating voltage with functional status A.