无线模块在美加欧日的认证要求
1. 美国FCC在美国，无线模块的管理机构为美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)，其许可(approval)分为三类：
全模块许可：无线模块对于在任何主机上使用并销售给任何人的情况进行许可;
有限模块许可：无线模块对于限制使用的情况进行许可;
分离式模块许可：发射器固件在主机上的无线模块。
(1) FCC全模块许可
完全许可在FCC Part 15.212章节中定义。无线模块应具有FCC ID，任何集成模块的主机应显示该模块包含在主机之内，包含FCC ID: XXXYYYYY。
获得完全许可应符合以下8项标准：
发射器须有自己的屏蔽;
须有缓冲调制/数据输入;
须有电源调节;
须满足Part 15的天线要求;
须进行单机配置的测试;
必须标识有FCC ID;
须满足自身FCC规则部分;
须符合RF暴露要求;
模块主机仍须符合其自身要求(如Part 15B、验证或DoC)。
(2) FCC有限模块许可
FCC对于模块的有限许可无需满足完全许可的所有8项标准。当主机或终端环境已知时，可使用有限许可方式：
对于一定范围、或系列设备、或具有类似结构，该模块可进行有限许可;
由承授人或授权的OEM使用的模块可进行有限许可;
在代表性主机内的模块可进行有限许可。
(3) FCC分离式模块许可
分离式许可只能由FCC进行认证，并且应被列入TCB排除清单。
对于模块许可，KDB 996369是关键，其他重要的KDB包括：
KDB 784748：包含标签要求;
KDB 447498：包含RF暴露、MPE和SAR测试指南;
KDB 616217：包含SAR主机指南。
2. 加拿大IC
加拿大IC模块许可依据RSS-GEN第3.2节，其要求和标签类似于FCC。不同于FCC，未许可模块使用与经许可模块相同的8项标准。
对于有限模块许可，依据RSS-GEN第3.2.3节，要求也类似FCC。
3. 欧盟R&TTE指令
在欧盟，对于无线模块无需进行认证或许可，而是符合性声明(DoC)。
投入欧盟市场的无线模块，无论是作为一个独立的无线模块或是打算供主机内使用的无线组件，应按照R&TTE指令进行充分评估(无线、EMC和安全)。
与美国不同的是，欧盟没有8项标准，因此制造商必须对所有可能的安装环境进行评估。 通过在模块上加贴CE标志，表示该产品将符合其预期用途和环境。
对于集成到主机上的模块，不同于FCC和IC，生产主机的公司最终负责产品的符合性。然而，以往的测试可能会考虑由模块集成。如果模块检测为主机的符合性声明(DoC)所认可，模块的技术构造文件(Technical Construction File，TCF)成为主机TCF的一部分。
对于R&TTE指令，这些指导性文件包括：
ETSI TR 102 070-1：EMC标准的应用
ETSI TR 102 070-2：无线标准的应用
R&TTECA TGN01：集成至最终产品的R&TTE指令评估模块的要求
4. 日本
“模块许可”并没有在日本《无线电波法》中规定。然而，2012年7月，日本总务省(MIC)宣布模块(如WLAN、蓝牙、Zigbee等类型)可以作为无线设备进行认证，即使它使用焊接连接，也就是说，它属于FCC 15.247类型的设备。这不是模块的许可，但它允许焊接模块按照无线设备进行认证。
2013年2月，MIC宣布模块许可将整合至日本《无线电波法》，有关无线模块的要求正在制定中。目前，该规则的制定还没有具体的时间表或预计实施日期。
FCC ID无线模块、无线模组的认证要求 § 15.212 Modular transmitters.
(a) Single modular transmitters consist of a completely self-contained radiofrequency transmitter device that is typically incorporated into another product, host or device. Split modular transmitters consist of two components: a radio front end with antenna (or radio devices) and a transmitter control element (or specific hardware on which the software that controls the radio operation resides). All single or split modular transmitters are approved with an antenna. All of the following requirements apply, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section.
(1) Single modular transmitters must meet the following requirements to obtain a modular transmitter approval.
(i) The radio elements of the modular transmitter must have their own shielding. The physical crystal and tuning capacitors may be located external to the shielded radio elements.
(ii) The modular transmitter must have buffered modulation/data inputs (if such inputs are provided) to ensure that the module will comply with part 15 requirements under conditions of excessive data rates or over-modulation.
(iii) The modular transmitter must have its own power supply regulation.
(iv) The modular transmitter must comply with the antenna and transmission system requirements of §§ 15.203, 15.204(b) and 15.204(c). The antenna must either be permanently attached or employ a “unique” antenna coupler (at all connections between the module and the antenna, including the cable). The “professional installation” provision of § 15.203 is not applicable to modules but can apply to limited modular approvals under paragraph (b) of this section.
(v) The modular transmitter must be tested in a stand-alone configuration, i.e., the module must not be inside another device during testing for compliance with part 15 requirements. Unless the transmitter module will be battery powered, it must comply with the AC line conducted requirements found in § 15.207. AC or DC power lines and data input/output lines connected to the module must not contain ferrites, unless they will be marketed with the module (see § 15.27(a)). The length of these lines shall be the length typical of actual use or, if that length is unknown, at least 10 centimeters to insure that there is no coupling between the case of the module and supporting equipment. Any accessories, peripherals, or support equipment connected to the module during testing shall be unmodified and commercially available (see § 15.31(i)).
(vi) The modular transmitter must be equipped with either a permanently affixed label or must be capable of electronically displaying its FCC identification number.
(A) If using a permanently affixed label, the modular transmitter must be labeled with its own FCC identification number, and, if the FCC identification number is not visible when the module is installed inside another device, then the outside of the device into which the module is installed must also display a label referring to the enclosed module. This exterior label can use wording such as the following: “Contains Transmitter Module FCC ID: XYZMODEL1” or “Contains FCC ID: XYZMODEL1.” Any similar wording that expresses the same meaning may be used. The Grantee may either provide such a label, an example of which must be included in the application for equipment authorization, or, must provide adequate instructions along with the module which explain this requirement. In the latter case, a copy of these instructions must be included in the application for equipment authorization.
(B) If the modular transmitter uses an electronic display of the FCC identification number, the information must be readily accessible and visible on the modular transmitter or on the device in which it is installed. If the module is installed inside another device, then the outside of the device into which the module is installed must display a label referring to the enclosed module. This exterior label can use wording such as the following: “Contains FCC certified transmitter module(s).” Any similar wording that expresses the same meaning may be used. The user manual must include instructions on how to access the electronic display. A copy of these instructions must be included in the application for equipment authorization.
(vii) The modular transmitter must comply with any specific rules or operating requirements that ordinarily apply to a complete transmitter and the manufacturer must provide adequate instructions along with the module to explain any such requirements. A copy of these instructions must be included in the application for equipment authorization.
(viii) Radio frequency devices operating under the provisions of this part are subject to the radio frequency radiation exposure requirements specified in §§ 1.1307(b), 1.1310, 2.1091, and 2.1093 of this chapter, as appropriate. Applications for equipment authorization of modular transmitters under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements. The modular transmitter must comply with any applicable RF exposure requirements in its final configuration. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
(2) Split modular transmitters must meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, excluding paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(v), and the following additional requirements to obtain a modular transmitter approval.
(i) Only the radio front end must be shielded. The physical crystal and tuning capacitors may be located external to the shielded radio elements. The interface between the split sections of the modular system must be digital with a minimum signaling amplitude of 150 mV peak-to-peak.
(ii) Control information and other data may be exchanged between the transmitter control elements and radio front end.
(iii) The sections of a split modular transmitter must be tested installed in a host device(s) similar to that which is representative of the platform(s) intended for use.
(iv) Manufacturers must ensure that only transmitter control elements and radio front end components that have been approved together are capable of operating together. The transmitter module must not operate unless it has verified that the installed transmitter control elements and radio front end have been authorized together. Manufacturers may use means including, but not limited to, coding in hardware and electronic signatures in software to meet these requirements, and must describe the methods in their application for equipment authorization.
(b) A limited modular approval may be granted for single or split modular transmitters that do not comply with all of the above requirements, e.g., shielding, minimum signaling amplitude, buffered modulation/data inputs, or power supply regulation, if the manufacturer can demonstrate by alternative means in the application for equipment authorization that the modular transmitter meets all the applicable part 15 requirements under the operating conditions in which the transmitter will be used. Limited modular approval also may be granted in those instances where compliance with RF exposure rules is demonstrated only for particular product configurations. The applicant for certification must state how control of the end product into which the module will be installed will be maintained such that full compliance of the end product is always ensured.
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